![]() ![]() Intravenous contrast is usually not necessary in benign pathology and is useful in cases of neoplasm. The whole set of images and reformations is necessary to make an adequate interpretation of an airways CT study. An MDCT study of the airways needs axial thin sections (ideally 1 mm sections with 80% overlap), multiplanar reformations, minimum intensity projections, volume-rendering images, virtual bronchoscopy images, and sometimes dynamic studies with inspiration and espiration acquisition. Multiple detector computed tomography (MDCT) plays a key role in the identification and characterisation of various large-airway diseases, and post-processing tools, such as virtual bronchoscopy, may improve the performance of the study. Diffuse lesions can be classified into lesions with dilatation of the tracheobronchial lumen (Mounier-Kuhn syndrome and acquired tracheobronchomegaly), lesions with stenosis (rhinoscleromatosis, granulomatous bronchitis, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, granulomatosis with polyangitis, relapsing polychondritis, osteochondroplastic tracheobronchopathy), and lesions with respiratory collapse (tracheobronchomalacia). Focal lesions may be subdivided into benign neoplasms (papilloma, hamartoma, and carcinoid), malignant neoplasms (squamous cell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, other primary neoplasms such as lymphoma or haemangiopericytoma, and secondary malignancy), and non-neoplastic conditions (tuberculosis, post-intubation stenosis, idiopathic subglottic stenosis, post-inflammatory pseudotumour, trauma, and foreign body). ![]() Furthermore, most of the benign neoplasms and inflammatory conditions are usually symptomatic and need treatment. ![]() Although tracheobronchial neoplasms are uncommon, there is a high incidence of malignancy. Large-airway pathological conditions are a heterogeneous group of diseases that include focal and diffuse lesions.
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